2010년 4월 2일 금요일

To ZigBee or Not to ZigBee? Factors to consider when selecting ZigBee Technology

March 13, 2009

By Iboun Taimiya Sylla, Texas Instruments

Editor's Note: This is the second part of a three-part series of articles from Iboun Taimiya Sylla. The first part is called: The ISM Revolution: The Next Big Thing.

The explosion of wireless technologies in recent years has allowed the emergence of several standards, especially in the Industrial Scientific & Medical (ISM) band. Among these emerging standards ZigBee is considered one of the most promising. Analysts are forecasting several hundreds of millions of ZigBee-enabled devices in coming years. Without a clear understanding of whether or not the ZigBee standard is the right fit for their application, many engineers have been developing new products based on the ZigBee platform. This article aims to help engineers answer a fundamental question when faced with selecting ZigBee technology: Is ZigBee the right technology platform for the next product to be developed?

ZigBee Platform Overview
The ZigBee standard is supported by a consortium of over 200 companies grouped under the name of ZigBee Alliance. The goals driving the ZigBee Alliance are the creation of a reliable, low-cost, low-power, open global standard for low data rate wireless solutions, while allowing multi-hop routing of data. The ZigBee standard through mesh network capability and AES 128-bit encryption provides support for self-healing and high security. Figure 1 describes a ZigBee network topology which typically includes three types of devices or nodes:

Coordinator : One coordinator exists in each network. It starts the network and handles management functions as well as data routing functions. These functions require that the coordinator always be powered. Therefore, this type of node is recommended to be main-powered.

Routers: In most cases, routers are also main-powered. They help carry data across multi-hop ZigBee networks including a variable number of routers and, in some cases, are without routers, thus, transforming the network into a point-to-multipoint.

End Devices: These are devices that are battery-powered due to their low-power consumption. They sleep most of the time and wake up regularly to collect and transmit data. Devices such as sensors are configured as end devices. They are connected to the network through the routers.

The type of node is assigned during the commissioning process. The main-powered requirement for coordinators can be a limiting factor for ZigBee, especially if minimizing power consumption is actively targeted for each and every device.

Figure 1. ZigBee Network Topology

As the number of nodes in a ZigBee network increases, potential communication bottlenecks can occur in some parts of the network. Two main techniques can be used to limit the congestion issue within ZigBee networks:

  1. Through node placement and adequate ZigBee router coverage within an installation area. This provides multiple paths for messages to reach a concentrator and alleviates potential bottleneck points in the network.
  2. Use several data concentrators instead of a single concentrator. This can reduce the number of hops required for nodes for their messages to reach a concentrator, and also reduces the chance of having a single point of failure.

In addition to the three methods mentioned earlier, techniques such as network partitioning through channel or PANID (or network ID) are available to deal with the ZigBee network congestion. These techniques, however, can be resource intensive.

Taking a close look at the ZigBee stack can help better understand challenges that implementing ZigBee can pose, especially when choosing a hardware platform. The ZigBee technology stack architecture has utilized the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, adding a set of layers to it to achieve the targeted features. Figure 2 describes the ZigBee stack architecture topology.

Figure 2: Architecture of the ZigBee Stack

Two lower layers, the physical layers (PHY) and the media access layer (MAC) are defined by the IEEE 802.15.4 specification. The PHY deals with the implementation of the direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) radio hardware in both 2.4GHz and sub-1GHz band, while the MAC handles access to the PHY layer. The above layers are defined by the ZigBee Alliance, except the application layer which is defined by the end user.

The layers defined by the ZigBee Alliance are respectively: the network layer, the application framework layer, and the application profile layer. The routing and the mesh capability are defined within the network layer. The security features implemented within the ZigBee stack are very flexible as it can be implemented in any of the layers. Security also can be defined for the application framework by the profile. The application profile plays a big role in the standard interoperability by helping implement a common data exchange protocol as well as a set of processing actions.

The application profile layer specifies the application domains and allows devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other. Profiles for a specific application regroup different related ZigBee clusters library that specifies functional domains within that application. As of today, the ZigBee Alliance has defined three application profiles: Smart Energy, Home Automation and Personal Home and Hospital Care (PHHC). Several other profiles are expected to be completed in the near future. It is always possible for the users to implement their own profile, therefore, making the application proprietary.

The application layer in which the application code is implemented, is fully owned by the end user to control the specific application.

By analyzing the ZigBee stack architecture, you can appreciate its role when the end user chooses a processor. It is imperative that you use a high code efficiency, and large memory size processor when dealing with ZigBee in certain applications such as Smart Energy. The performance required from the processor can vary from one processor vendor to another for the same ZigBee stack. This factor should be carefully weighted during the ZigBee platform selection process.

To ZigBee or Not to ZigBee?

While ZigBee technology presents attractive features, several factors need to be analyzed before selecting the technology. A poor analysis of these factors could result in a very cost-inefficient product. Consider the following factors when selecting the technology process:

  • Interoperability: The need for interoperability is a major factor in choosing ZigBee , especially when the product developed is expected to communicate with other manufacturer's devices. If interoperability is not required or desired, then a proprietary solution could be considered for the sake of cost efficiency.
  • Power consumption: As the coordinator and routers in the network always need to be "ON," using the main power is highly recommended.
  • Software overhead: ZigBee has the characteristic of high software overhead due to the stack size. ZigBee is not recommended for applications targeting very low CPU resource use such as CODE/RAM.
  • Full mesh network: The benefit of the mesh configuration is to enable data exchange between points through multi-hoping link. A network of sensors in a large building could be a good example. In such a case ZigBee might be a perfect platform. However, a smart use of a star network provided by IEEE 802.15.4 standard or some other proprietary protocols can help route data at a cheaper cost.

Many engineers are snared by the attractiveness of the ZigBee technology, and possibly overlook solutions that could have helped design more cost-efficient products. In this article we presented an overview of the ZigBee technology as well as possible limitations. We also explained the main factors to considered, avoiding any pitfalls during the technology selection process.

References:

About the Author
Iboun Sylla is currently managing business development in the Americas for Texas Instruments Low Power RF products. Prior to this position, Iboun was a senior RF design engineer. Iboun received his Bachelor in Telecommunications Engineering from ESPT (Tunis-Tunisia), and his Master's and PhD in Electrical Engineering from Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada. Iboun also holds a Master's in Business Administration from the University of Texas at Dallas with focus on Corporate Finances and Strategic Leadership. Iboun can be reached at: ti_ibounsylla@list.ti.com.

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출처: http://www.rfdesignline.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=215800324

Design Considerations for Robust, Low-Power RF Products (Part 3)

Understand the techniques you can use to minimize power dissipation while achieving performance goals

By Iboun Taimiya Sylla, Manager, Low-Power RF Business Development, Texas Instruments

RF Designline
(05/11/2009 7:00 AM EDT)

(Editor's Note: This is the third part of a three-part series of articles from Iboun Taimiya Sylla. The first part is The ISM Revolution: The Next Big Thing; the second part is To ZigBee or Not to ZigBee? Factors to consider when selecting ZigBee Technology.)

The Industrial Scientific & Medical (ISM) wireless revolution that created the transition from wireline to wireless has brought into sharp focus the vast market the wireless industry represents in today's economy. The combined wireless medical industry, automatic meter reading (AMR) and alarm & security represent an 18 billion-dollar market.

With the move from wireline to wireless comes a paradigm shift in system design considerations. The robustness of a wireless system is not characterized by the same parameters as the wireline systems. The robustness of a wireless system is primarily characterized by three parameters: power consumption, link quality and link security. In this article we will discuss these three parameters, as well as different techniques that can help an engineer improve the robustness of his design.

Power Consumption
Today, the end customer's satisfaction depends largely on power consumption, among other things. Low-power consumption translates into longer battery life and, therefore in the long run, a cheaper system. In the wireless e-meter industry, it is common to target an average battery life of 20 years. One can clearly say that power consumption is a key parameter that wireless product designers need to keep in mind, unlike with wireline systems where power consumption is of little concern because the system is mains-powered. We suggest three techniques than can help the designer optimize the power consumption of his product:

  • Use low-duty cycle: We recommend minimizing the transmitter's (TX) and receiver's (RX) "on time" by sending just the amount of data needed. A way to achieve this is to use high data-rate transmission. Keep in mind that using high data rates requires a trade off on the achievable link range. High data rates yield less range for two main reasons: less energy per bit makes demodulation more difficult; and the RX filter bandwidth must be wider, therefore, allowing the presence of noise.
  • Use FIFO register at RX and TX: For example, using the CC1101 (a low-power, sub-1 GHz RF transceiver) , or the CC2500 (a low-power, 2.4 GHz RF transceiver), the presence of a FIFO register allows burst mode data transmission with a high over-the-air data rate, which helps to reduce overall power consumption. If transmitting 10 kbps data using an over-the-air data rate of 100 kbps, the TX or RX contribution to the overall power consumption is reduced to approximately one-tenth, compared to 10 kbps. It is important to know that when over-the-air data rate is increased, sensitivity might drop due to less energy per bit and wider RX channel filter bandwidth.
  • Implement receiver polling: The RX goes to sleep and wakes up periodically to see if any packets need processing. Given the short awake time the average current consumption is minimal. This helps to reduce power consumption and thereby significantly extends the system's battery life. Figure 1 illustrates an example of a receiver polling implemented on a highly integrated multichannel RF transceiver such as the CC1100. Notice the time distribution of the current consumption. This technique of programmable wake ups, receives and sleep times offers some flexibility on the battery life.


    Figure 1: Current consumption time distribution in the receiver polling implemented on the CC1100
    (Click on image to enlarge)

Link Quality
The link quality of a wireless system is mainly dependent on three key factors: the transmitter's output power; receiver sensitivity; and the propagation environment, which includes the level of interference, especially when targeting the 2.4 GHz band. Output power and sensitivity are two parameters that a design engineer can control. Using an external power amplifier and low-noise amplifier can help improve these parameters and, ultimately, the link budget.

The most critical part of the link quality is the propagation environment, especially when facing the challenge of increasing the immunity to numerous interference sources. With several applications (Bluetooth', Wi-Fi', ZigbeeTM, 802.15.4, microwave oven, etc.) using 2.4 GHz band, designing in that band presents a serious challenge, as you have to ensure that the design is robust enough to be jammed by external signals. To help against this type of interference, spread spectrum modulation techniques are widely used and have proven to be very efficient.

These techniques consist of spreading the energy across a number of frequency-band channels. They reduce output and power spectral density and help limit the interference on other users in the band.

The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allows wireless systems using spread spectrum techniques to output more power. There are two spread spectrum techniques:

  • Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS): as depicted in Figure 2, to lower the average power spectral density. Frequency hopping utilizes a predetermined set of frequencies with either a repeating hop pattern or a pseudorandom hop pattern. Note that FHSS is also used in military applications to prevent eavesdropping.


    Figure 2: Frequency hopping spread spectrum technique
    (Click on image to enlarge)

  • Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS): illustrated in Figure 3, DSSS spreads its energy by rapidly phase-chopping the signal in such a way that each bit is represented by multiple bits using spreading code.


    Figure 3: Direct sequence spread spectrum technique
    (Click on image to enlarge)

Frequency agility techniques are also used against interference when working on a robust system. As illustrated in Figure 4, frequency agility can be considered as an extremely slow frequency-hopping system. The frequency is changed when the link performance is degraded and the measured packet error rate (PER) exceeds a predetermined threshold.

Remember that in both FHSS and frequency agility techniques, the phase-locked loop (PLL) lock time is very critical, as the system needs to hop to the next frequency in a very short period of time.


Figure 4: Frequency agility technique
(Click on image to enlarge)

Another technique that helps maintain the quality of the wireless link is to implement forward error correction (FEC). This method helps reduce the effect of bit errors in the packets. With the FEC, a bit error doesn't necessarily result in a packet error.

Link Security
Usually, the two most important aspects of wireless link security are preventing eavesdropping and preventing an attacker from inserting his own packets in the link. To solve these issues, the designer has access to advanced encryption standard (AES) and the asymmetric cryptography.

The AES algorithm uses one of three cipher key strengths: a 128-, 192-, or 256-bit encryption key (password). Each encryption key size causes the algorithm to behave slightly different, so increasing key sizes not only offers a larger number of bits with which you can scramble the data, but also increases the complexity of the cipher algorithm. The asymmetric cryptography allows the keys to be encrypted and is much more processor-intensive. Therefore, it is usually used only to encrypt keys.

Conclusion
In this article we have discussed the main design considerations for a robust RF product. Power consumption, link quality, and link security are the main parameters that characterize the robustness of a wireless product. These parameters must be at the forefront of any consideration. They can not be ignored without affecting the robustness and consequently the reputation of the product.

References
·For more information about low power RF and Zigbee solutions, click http://www.ti.com/zigbee-ca.

About the Author

Iboun Sylla is currently managing business development for low-power RF products for Texas Instruments. Iboun brings to this role his extensive experience as a Sr. RF Design Engineer. Iboun received his Bachelor in Telecommunications Engineering from ESPT (Tunis-Tunisia), and his Master's and PhD in Electrical Engineering from Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada. Iboun also holds a Master's in Business Administration from the University of Texas at Dallas with focus on Corporate Finances and Strategic Leadership. Iboun can be reached at ti_ibounsylla@list.ti.com.

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출처: http://www.rfdesignline.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=217201195

Power detection and control for mobile handsets

Understand the various biasing methods and tradeoffs in GSM/EDGE mobile unit PA stages

By David Ripley, Technical Director, Skyworks Solutions, Inc.

RF Designline
(06/08/2009 7:00 AM EDT)

A key requirement within the modern mobile-handset power amplifier (PA) is a need to detect and control the transmitted power. This three-part article first explores the various methods of power control for amplifiers operating in both saturated and linear modes. The discussion continues with power detection techniques used in modern handsets. Topics include current, voltage, diode, power, logarithmic (log), and RMS detection, including performance characteristics such as RF bandwidth, video bandwidth, dynamic range, temperature compensation, and VSWR insensitivity.

This three-part series examines the subject as follows:

  • Part 1: Power amplifier biasing for power control (click here)
  • Part 2: Power detection methods (click here)
  • Part 3: Power control feedback (click here)
About the author
David S. Ripley received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Iowa State University, Ames, in 1992 and the M.S EE degree from National Technical University (NTU), Minneapolis, MN, in 2002. From 1992 to 1999, he worked in the Cellular Subscriber Division, Motorola, Libertyville, IL, where he was involved in the design and development of TDMA and AMPS handsets including RFIC design of receiver and synthesizer functions. Since 1999, he has been with Skyworks Solutions, Inc. (previously Conexant Systems, Inc.), Cedar Rapids, IA, where he has been involved with the design of multiband HBT power amplifiers modules for the GSM and CDMA cellular handsets. He holds seven patents.

Replacing RS-232 with 802.11n wireless

June 10, 2009

By N. Venkatesh, Redpine Signals

The Wired Setup
The monitoring and control of medical equipment and devices are often carried out from a separate controller or server. The server may be in the vicinity of the equipment or may be at a remote location. Traditionally, a common means of connecting the two is via an RS-232 serial interface. Consider a set of sensors controlled by a sensor unit as shown in Figure 1. The accumulated data is transferred to a monitor via a serial interface.


Figure 1: Sensor Unit and Interface to Monitor
(Click on image to enlarge)

The multichannel A/D converter is typically within the microcontroller unit. The periodically sampled data is encapsulated in a predetermined packet format and sent on to the Monitor via the UART interface of the microcontroller.
The applications running on the microcontroller and the monitor (or server) ensure the means to transfer the sensor data meaningfully. The device application encapsulates the data using a protocol negotiated with the receiver of the data (the server in this case). The obtained data would be de-capsulated on the corresponding peer before passing it to the application. Figure 2 illustrates this process.


Figure 2: Wired Connection
(Click on image to enlarge)

There are many methods of encapsulation - one example for encapsulation of IP data is SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol). SLIP is a packet framing protocol that defines a sequence of characters that frame IP packets on a serial line. It provides no physical addressing or error control, for which it depends on upper-layer protocols. SLIP simply sends the data and then sends a signal marking the end of the data.

The Basic Wireless Setup
The wired connection in Figure 1 can be replaced by a wireless one based on 802.11 WLAN by connecting the device and the server with a serial to Wi-Fi bridge. The serial to Wi-Fi bridge provides a means of transporting the device data either employing layer-3 protocols or directly bridging it to the corresponding Wi-Fi bridge at the server.


Figure 3: Wireless Connectivity in the Infrastructure Mode
(Click on image to enlarge)

There are many advantages to using 802.11 Wi-Fi connectivity in medical devices. Firstly, Wi-Fi is close to being ubiquitous, especially in medical establishments, and therefore no special provisions need be done at the infrastructure end. Secondly, the use of standard TCP/IP transport, as opposed to proprietary protocols, enables the monitors or servers to be present practically anywhere " within the premises on the LAN, or at any remote location via the internet. Thirdly, in comparison to alternatives like Zigbee or Bluetooth, WLAN provides longer range, higher throughput, and with the right implementation, better energy efficiency through the use of higher data rates translating to longer battery life.

The Wireless Transport Mechanism using TCP/IP
The serial to WiFi bridge frames an IP packet from the data obtained through the device and transmit to any other node in the network as shown in the figure 4.


Figure 4: Wireless Connection through a Wi-Fi Bridge
(Click on image to enlarge)

The serial to Wi-Fi bridge incorporates a built-in TCP/IP stack, thereby abstracting the application devices of the nature of network with which the data transmission/reception is done.
Transmission involves the following steps:

  1. The device encapsulates the data as mentioned in the above section.
  2. The serial to Wi-Fi bridge attached to the device decapsulates the obtained data.
  3. The decapsulated data is passed through the TCP/IP stack in the serial to WiFi bridge forming an IP packet.
  4. The IP packet, fragmented if necessary, is framed in WLAN MAC format and transmitted through the WLAN air interface.
The following are the actions performed by the serial to Wi-Fi bridge on the server side for reception of the packet.
  1. The WLAN interface receives and reassembles the IP packet.
  2. The received IP packet is passed through the TCP/IP stack, with its integrity verified.
  3. The payload in the IP packet is extracted.
  4. The application on the serial to Wi-Fi bridge encapsulates the data obtained before sending the data through the serial interface of the server.
  5. The server decapsulates the data obtained from the bridge.

Wireless Peer to Peer Transport
The serial to Wi-Fi bridge transfers a proprietary packet by using a delimiter to identify the encapsulated data obtained from the device. Figure 5 and 6 depict such transfers. This mode is potentially a proprietary one and the wireless connection used is mainly in an IBSS or ad-hoc mode.


Figure 5: Wireless Connectivity through the Ad-hoc Mode
(Click on image to enlarge)


Figure 6: Wireless Transport without TCP/IP
(Click on image to enlarge)

In this scheme, the following are the actions performed for the transmission:

  1. The device encapsulates the data as mentioned in the section 1.
  2. The serial to WiFi bridge receives the data from the device and adds the delimiter. This delimiter provides a way for the peer (bridge) to identify the encapsulated data.
  3. The data along with the delimiter is transmitted through the RF.
The following are the actions performed by the serial to WiFi bridge on the server side for the reception of the packet.
  1. The WLAN interface receives and assembles the packet.
  2. The received packet is processed to obtain the encapsulated data. The delimiter is used to identify the start of a data frame.
  3. The extracted data is sent through the serial interface of the server.
  4. The server decapsulates the data obtained from the bridge.
802.11n Benefits
Current serial to Wi-Fi solutions are largely based on 802.11b or 802.11g. Future enterprise networks are, however, likely to be predominantly 802.11n based, and recent serial to Wi-Fi products like Redpine's RS9110-N-11-22 are started catering to the 802.11n needs of the market. The IEEE 802.11n standard primarily provides for high throughput, high-efficiency, and long range data connectivity, and includes the use of multiple antennas and transmit-receive chains. However, the standard also includes a single-stream mode that is intended to provide the benefits of 11n to low-power small form-factor devices including sensor nodes. The use of single-stream 802.11n WLAN in these client devices provides the following benefits:
  • Higher throughput and lower transmit times " achieved through better efficiency in PHY and MAC.
  • Longer range " through use of multiple antennas at the access point
  • Preservation of 802.11n network capacity " the presence of legacy 802.11a/b/g clients forces the 11n nodes to use protection mechanisms and results in overall drop in network capacity. 802.11n helps avoid this.

Summary
802.11 WLAN, or Wi-Fi, is an ideal wireless transport mechanism for medical applications that currently employ the RS-232 serial interface for connectivity between sensors, devices, instruments, and monitoring equipment. Wi-Fi is ubiquitous as well as flexible " enabling a variety of connection methods including peer-to-peer and infrastructure modes spanning both the local network as well as the wide area network. In particular, the 802.11n WLAN standard would provide the benefits of range, throughput performance, and interoperability; and would remain an ideal solution for these applications through future network upgrades.

About the author
N.Venkatesh has more than 23 years of experience in communications engineering with expertise in wireless systems design, chip design, telecommunications and optical networking. He is responsible for leading the development of wireless systems at Redpine's development center. He can be reached at n.venkatesh@redpinesignals.com

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출처: http://www.rfdesignline.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=217800953

‘나만의 이동 경로를 인터넷 지도에 남기자!’ 큐비랩 포켓GPS S1

Posted 2010-02-19 10:52:52 / 김영훈 기자

라이더는 물론 등산, 여행객을 위한 신개념 레저용 GPS

최근 휴가철이 막바지에 이르면서 자동차로 장거리 여행을 떠나는 이들을 심심 찮게 찾아볼 수 있다. 이러한 장거리 여행을 위해서 필요한 장비가 바로 내비게이션이다. 하지만, 시중에 출시되고 있는 대부분의 내비게이션은 자동차용으로만 국한돼 있는 것이 사실이다.

그렇다면, 자전거나 도보시에도 네비게이션과 같은 기능을 활용할 만한 장비가 없을까? 최근 내비게이션에 탑재되는 핵심 부품 중 하나인 GPS를 활용한 모바일 기기가 속속 모습을 드러내고 있다.

GPS(Global Positioning System)는 전세계 어디서든 인공위성을 통해 자신이 위치한 장소를 파악할 수 있는 기술로서, 앞서 설명한 내비게이션은 물론 휴대폰에 이르기까지 다양한 모바일 기기에 탑재되고 있는 대표적인 위치 기반 시스템 중 하나다.

여기에, 최근에 출시된 아이폰이나 옴니아2와 같은 고성능 스마트폰에도 GPS가 탑재돼있어 언제 어디서나 자신이 위치를 파악할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있지만, 현존하는 대부분의 스마트폰은 전화와 GPS 기능을 동시 사용하기에 한계가 따르기 마련이다.


▲ 큐비랩 스토리쉬 포켓GPS(PocketGPS) S1

큐비랩이 출시한 ‘스토리쉬 포켓GPS S1’은 국내 기업으로는 처음으로 순수 개발된 제품으로서, 자전거를 활용한 운동 및 여행은 물론 도보, 등산시 자신의 위치를 인터넷을 통한 지도 서비스를 통해 기록할 수 있는 신개념 레저용 GPS 단말기다.

깜찍하면서도 심플한 디자인에 폭넓은 부가 기능 돋보여


▲ 컴팩트한 사이즈로 휴대성을 높이는 데 일조했다

스토리지 포켓GPS S1은 앞서도 설명했다시피 장시간 자전거를 타고 여행이나 운동을 즐기려는 라이더는 물론, 도보 및 등산시 자신이 위치하고 있는 장소를 구글 어스와 같은 인터넷 지도로 기록해 활용할 수 있는 제품이라고 할 수 있다.

여기에, 얼핏 보면 휴대용 GPS가 아닌 초소형 MP3가 연상될 정도로, 깜찍하면서도 심플한 스타일에 초점을 두고 있다는 것을 쉽게 확인할 수 있다. 또한, 각 모서리의 라운딩 처리와 함께 옐로우 컬러를 채택해 다소 딱딱한 느낌 보다는 산뜻한 분위기를 물씬 풍긴다.

그 뿐만이 아니다. 배터리 4개가 들어간 것과 별반 차이가 없을 정도로 상당히 컴팩트하고 슬림한 사이즈를 부각시켰으며, 무게 또한 휴대폰 보다도 훨씬 가벼운 60g에 불과하기 때문에 잦은 이동에도 뛰어난 휴대성을 보여줄 수 있도록 했다.

특히, 이번 제품은 밤낮을 가리지 않고 휴대하는 사용자를 고려해 OLED(자체발광형 유기물질) 디스플레이를 탑재해 퀄리티를 극대화시키는 데에도 일조하고 있다.

OLED는 일반적인 모바일 기기에 탑재되는 TFT-LCD와는 다르게 자체발광이 가능해 어떠한 환경에서도 밝은 화면을 보여준다는 장점을 가지고 있으며, 실제로 모 대기업의 제품에서 대표적으로 사용되는 디스플레이 방식 중 하나로 수많은 소비자들에게 각광받고 있다.


▲ 초보자도 쉽게 사용할 수 있도록 버튼 구성을 간소화시켰다

▲ 평균속도 및 해발 고도, 나침반 등의 총 5가지 모드를 탑재하고 있다

제품 하단부에는 GPS 및 다양한 부가 기능을 활용할 수 있는 모드(MODE) 버튼을 시작으로, 자신이 이동했던 거리를 단말기로 기록하기 위한 랩(LAP), OK 버튼 등 3가지로 간단하게 구성돼있기 때문에 제품 조작에 미숙한 초보자도 간편하게 사용할 수 있도록 배려했다.

그 중에서도 모드 버튼의 경우 총 5가지로 구성돼 있으며, 기본모드는 1초 간격으로 GPS 로그를 자동적으로 저장해 라이딩 및 도보를 통한 운동, 등산 등에서 활용 가능하며, 운동모드와 고도모드는 구간별 거리 및 시간은 물론 현재 평균속도, 해발 고도를 한눈으로 쉽게 알아볼 수 있다.

특히, 이번 제품에는 고가의 GPS 장비에서만 찾아볼 수 있는 기압 센서를 이용한 고도 측정이 가능하도록 설계돼있다. 이 기능은 제품이 켜진 상태의 위치를 기준으로 고도 그래프를 정밀하게 확인할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있어 등산을 즐기는 유저라면 필수적이다.

이밖에, 해당 위치에 대한 위도 및 경도값을 표시하기 위한 나침반 모드는 물론, 현재 수신 중인 위성 정보 및 수신 세기에 따른 위도, 경도를 파악하는 것 또한 가능하다.


▲ 단순 GPS 단말기임에도 불구하고 녹음 및 MP3 재생 등의 다양한 기능을 갖췄다

스토리지 포켓GPS S1은 단순히 제품명으로만 보더라도 GPS 수신기로 생각하는 사용자들이 적지 않을 것이다. 하지만, 이번 제품에는 GPS를 통한 위치 수신 및 이동 거리 측정은 물론, 녹음 및 MP3 플레이어에 이르기까지 다양한 기능을 탑재한 점이 가장 큰 특징이다.

녹음 기능을 활용하기 위해서는 전원이 켜진 상태에서 우측의 위치한 REC 버튼을 길게 3초이상 누르고 있으면 보이스 레코딩 화면으로 전환되면서 쉽게 녹음이 가능하며, 자신이 즐겨드는 MP3 음악을 제품 내부에 탑재된 플래시 메모리로 저장할 수 있다. 참고로 저장 공간은 1.6GB로서 100여개의 MP3 파일을 담아도 전혀 부족함을 느끼지 못한다.

다만, MP3 파일을 넣은 뒤에는 반드시 ‘LP20100228_230001.MP3’와 같이 파일 이름을 변경해야만 정상적으로 재생이 가능하며, 일반 파일명으로는 재생이 불가능하다는 점을 인지하고 있어야 한다. 여기에, 단순 재생만 가능하다는 점도 차후 펌웨어 업데이트를 통해 해결해야할 개선책임에는 틀림없다.


▲ 외장 하드디스크에서 널리 활용되는 미니 USB 인터페이스를 탑재

스토리지 포켓GPS S1의 좌측부에는 PC 연결을 ㎸?미니-USB 포트가 위치하고 있으며, 케이블 연결을 통한 충전이 가능하다. USB 케이블을 통해 완충까지 소요되는 시간은 4시간이며. 최대 휴대할 수 있는 사용시간은 밝기 설정에 따라 최대 11시간까지 가능하다는 것이 큐비랩 관계자의 설명이다.

여기에, 앞서도 설명했다시피 녹음된 파일을 PC로 전송하는 것은 물론 자신의 PC에 저장된 MP3 파일을 내장 메모리로 추가할 수도 있으며, 초보자를 배려한 PDF 규격의 사용 설명서와 함께 GPS 기능을 활용할 수 있는 프로그램이 내장돼있다. GPS 기능 활용에 대한 부분은 다음 페이지에서 알아보도록 하겠다.


▲ 자전거에 활용하기 위해서는 별도의 자전거 거치대를 구매해야 한다

GPS 로그 기록을 위한 소프트웨어 제공은 기본!

▲ 로케이션 플러스 PC 툴에는 구글 어스가 기본으로 포함돼있다

스토리지 포켓GPS S1은 단순히 제품만으로 모든 기능을 사용하기에는 한계가 있다. GPS 수신을 통한 위치 정보를 지도로 한눈에 확인하는 것은 물론, 자신이 이동했던 장소가 정확하게 어디 지점인지를 파악하기 위한 소프트웨어도 뒷받침되어야 하기 때문이다.

이번 제품에는 이러한 사항을 간편하게 해결할 수 있도록 ‘로케이션 플러스 PC 툴(Location Plus PC Tool)’이라고 불리는 부가 소프트웨어를 기본으로 제공해 단말기 사용에 따른 편의성을 극대화시켰다.

특히, 이 프로그램에는 무료 지도용 소프트웨어로 전세계적으로 명성을 떨치고 있는 구글 어스(Google Earth)맵이 포함돼 있다. 구글 어스에는 포털 서비스 못지 않는 정확한 장소 확인은 물론, 위성을 활용한 스카이뷰, 심지어는 고도 확인까지 한눈에 파악 가능하다.

또한, GPS를 켜고 마지막으로 끈 상태까지의 모든 기록이 남기 때문에, 자신이 이동했던 장소를 별다른 어려움 없이 확인할 수 있다.

물론, GPS 자체가 전파 장비에 약하고 자동차나 특정 건물로 들어갈 경우에는 정상적인 인식이 되지 않는 경우도 발생할 수 있기 때문에, 제품을 손으로 직접 들고다니며 사용하는 것이 좋다. GPS 최초 수신시에는 평균 5초 이내로, 일반 GPS 단말기보다는 빠른 편이다.


▲ 제품에 대한 장치 설정 및 위치 보정 등이 가능하다

로케이션 플러스 PC 툴의 설정 화면으로 진입하면 GPS 위치 보정은 물론 로그 및 화면, 언어 등이 세부 설정이 가능하며, 장치 설정의 경우 제품에 탑재된 OLED 디스플레이의 화면 밝기 설정과 시간, 트랙, 알람 설정에 이르기까지 다양한 부가 기능이 포함돼있다.

또한, GPS 리시버 기능을 활성화할 경우 별도의 내비게이션을 구입할 필요 없이, 자신의 PC에 설치된 내비게이션 프로그램으로 지도 안내 서비스를 활용할 수 있도록 선택의 폭을 넓힌 것도 이번 제품의 차별화된 장점이다.

◇ 휴대폰에 GPS 기능이 없다면? 큐비랩 스토리시 포켓GPS S1이 대안 = 최근 GPS 기능이 기본 탑재된 최신 휴대폰 및 스마트폰을 시작으로, 다양한 모바일 기기들이 속속 국내 시장에 모습을 드러내고 있다.

하지만, 대부분의 사용자들은 자신의 모바일 기기에 GPS 기능이 있는지 조차도 알 수 없고, 막상 기능이 포함돼있다고 하더라도 제대로 활용하지 않는 경우가 다반사다.

물론, GPS가 우리 생활에 큰 영향을 끼칠 만큼 중요하지 않을 수도 있으나, 여행이나 등산, 자전거를 통한 장거리 이동을 즐기는 유저들이라면 GPS만큼의 필수적인 장비는 찾아보기 힘들 것이다.

이번에 선보인 큐비랩 스토리시 포켓GPS S1은 일반적으로 휴대폰에 내장된 GPS 수신기와 동일하기는 하지만, 평균 속도와 해발고도, 위도 및 경도값을 표시하기 위한 나침반에 이르기까지 다양한 기능을 갖추고 있다는 점에서 상당히 매력적인 제품이라고 할 수 있다.

물론, MP3 플레이어 활용시 재생만 가능하고 GPS 수신시 일부 오류를 일으킨 점이 다소 아쉽기는 하지만, 홈페이지를 통한 지속적인 업데이트로 충분히 개선 가능한데다가 국내 기술로 만들어진 레저용 GPS 중에서는 최초라는 점에서 더욱 의미가 크다.

가격 또한 20만원이상의 턱없는 가격대를 유지하고 있는 일부 외산 제품에 비해, 큐비랩 스토리시 포켓 S1은 10만원대로 비교적 저렴한 데다가 성능 또한 고급형 제품 못지 않는 뛰어난 GPS 수신율를 보여준다는 장점만으로 최상의 메리트를 보여줄 것으로 기대된다.

/ 베타뉴스(http://www.betanews.net)

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출처: http://www.betanews.net/article/487965&ad=1058

2010년 3월 12일 금요일

TierLogic lifts the veil: another take on the 3D FPGA

Wednesday, March 10, 2010

TierLogic, yet another large and expensive FPGA start-up that has been in stealth mode for years, today unveiled a radical approach to increasing the density and utility of large programmable logic devices. Like previously-announced Tabula, TierLogic describes their design as a 3D FPGA. But the two approaches are totally unlike each other, and neither is related to the concept of 3D ICs—involving stacked dice and through-silicon vias—that is currently the hot topic in SoC-of-the-future circles.

TierLogic's big idea is elegant and audacious: increase the density of FPGAs by moving all the configuration memory—not the data memory or the look-up-table (LUT) memory, but the RAM cells that control the interconnect muxes—out of the silicon. Removing these memory bits by itself can cut die area—at least the die area occupied by logic fabric—more than in half, according to the company's vice president of sales and marketing, Paul Hollingworth. TierLogic employs this advantage to use a mature 90nm process node and still deliver a smaller die area than a conventional SRAM FPGA would require, making it possible to offer the FPGAs at about half the cost of equivalent conventional parts.

But those SRAM cells have to go somewhere. That's where TierLogic's foundry partner Toshiba comes into the picture. Toshiba has developed a unique back-end-of-line process that puts a layer of amorphous-silicon thin-film transistors (TFTs) on top of the interconnect stack. The proprietary process uses virtually none of the wafer's thermal budget, so it's compatible with advanced CMOS. Yet at 180nm dimensions Toshiba can produce sufficiently fast and dense TFT SRAM cells to accommodate all the configuration memory required for the FPGA below. And since the configuration SRAM just sits there providing steering bits to the muxes—no user delay paths pass through the configuration memory—the slower, more stable TFT SRAM has no impact on user timing, except for the significant benefit of allowing the active die area be much smaller.

So this is what TierLogic means by 3D: the chips have two separate layers of active circuitry. The substrate holds the logic cells, interconnect muxes, block memory, and other user-accessible features. The TFT layer on top of Metal-8 holds the configuration memory. The result is an FPGA that can be functionally equivalent to industry-standard devices, but potentially on smaller dice, and so significantly lower in cost and power. Hollingworth said that in practice, TierLogic parts will be about 30 percent denser than economy FPGAs and 2.6 times the logic density of high-end conventional devices. For reasons we'll discuss later, TierLogic is also claiming about a third better logic-cell utilization, so overall the company boasts over three times the logic density of existing high-end FPGAs.

There is a second major advantage to this two-layer implementation: ASIC conversion. Since the TFT SRAM cells are not in any user timing paths, TierLogic can replace the TFT layer with a simple metal layer containing hard straps to power and ground busses, and have no impact on user timing (except of course for eliminating the need for a power-up configuration mode.) Eliminating the TFT layer reduces cost further, creating a mask-programmed device that is functionally- and timing-equivalent to the field-programmable device, but cheaper. "This is the first time there has been an ASIC solution that really fits for volumes between a hundred and ten-thousand units," Hollingworth maintains.

The turn-around time for reducing a fuse map to a metal-mask and delivering the mask-programmed parts is four weeks. No redesign is necessary, nor should there be any need to reclose timing, although some customers will still have to requalify the parts. The quick turn-around is in part because TierLogic can bank all its wafers at Metal-8, and simply send the wafers to either the TFT line or to Metal-9 fabrication, as needed.

This capability gives TierLogic the equivalent of Altera's Hardcopy capability—with die size and cost intermediate between an FPGA and a cell-based ASIC—but without requiring the customer to redo timing closure with a new set of timing files. The company is underlining this point by offering to early adopters that TierLogic will do the conversion from an existing production or prototype FPGA design or ASIC design to a TierLogic metal-programmed part as a service. For a minimum order of 50k units the service is free. The company will give you complete pin-compatibility with your existing part for a small NRE, or throw pin-compatibility in as well on a 100k-unit minimum order.

The tool flow for the devices is familiar: Mentor Precision Synthesis followed by proprietary mapping, routing, and analysis. One interesting point in the mapping process is that TierLogic's LUTs are fracturable. If a path requires only a portion of a LUT—an inverter, say—the rest of the LUT is available to other nets. "Fracturing is known to be valuable—it improves our logic-cell utilization by 36 percent," Hollingworth said. "But if your configuration RAM is on your die, it's just too costly to support fracturing."

Apparently Tabula's announcement persuaded TierLogic to announce a little earlier than they had intended. The company is not ready to give detailed product descriptions yet. Hollingworth did say that the mask-programmed version of the parts is available today, so TierLogic invites interested prospects to register on their site and get more detailed information. The company has already done one design that includes an on-chip MIPS R4000 CPU implemented in the logic fabric, for example.

Hollingworth expects to ship engineering samples of the field-programmable part with the TFT SRAM layer by the end of June this year, but it will be a while longer before those devices are qualified for full production. There are still issues with TFT yield, he admitted, but the company has seen a new run that appears to solve the problem. It just has to be fully evaluated.

In the future, TierLogic has several options. Hollingworth said that the engineering team has done critical-dimension analysis that indicates the TFT approach will scale to at least the 40nm node, giving the idea lots of room for evolution. And there are at least two more revolutionary ideas afoot. First, since the TFTs are relatively low-performance devices processed at low temperature, the TFT layer is compatible with just about anybody's advanced CMOS process. So TierLogic can license a field-programmable logic fabric as IP for use inside a cell-based SoC. You could have your wafers built at your favorite foundry, passivated and shipped to Toshiba, who could strip the passivation and fabricate the TFT layer. Hollingworth said that the company has already had discussions along these lines with some prospects.

The second point Hollingworth mentioned is that Toshiba is looking at the laser-annealing process that is coming on-stream for the 32nm process node. Once the laser-annealing systems are developed and in place, the high-speed laser annealing could create the local high temperatures necessary to produce a much higher-performance TFT without impacting the thermal budget of the underlying wafer. This would in principle allow TierLogic to put not just configuration memory but signal-path devices such as embedded SRAM blocks and even some logic structures or analog circuits in the top layer, creating an even denser FPGA. But that is for the future.

© Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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출처: http://www.edn.com/blog/1690000169/post/1870053187.html

Tier Logic's Threefold Path

Wednesday, March 10, 2010

Tier Logic has gotten the occasional mention in this blog as a startup specializing in 3D interconnect, but after the splash made by players such as Tabula, NuPGA, and Abound, one could almost be tempted to ask what the company would do for an encore. But on the eve of Tier Logic’s official “architectural announcement” of March 10, Tier’s vice president of sales and marketing Paul Hollingworth clued me in on the company’s threefold path to profitability, which frankly makes a lot more tactical sense than what I’ve heard from other startups of late.

The company relies on relatively traditional configuration logic in a nine-layer-metal base, but adds TFT-based configuration SRAM in a third dimension, which can be replaced by the ninth layer of metal as a ROM configuration layer when committing a design to production. Tier Logic deliberately chose Toshiba as a process partner for its low-temperature amorphous silicon process, well-characterized in the display industry, as a more straightforward and economic alternative to polycrystalline silicon.

While nothing sounds radical from an architectural standpoint,  that is part of the point of providing designers multiple paths to design production, which carries the fringe benefit of giving Tier Logic multiple paths to profitability. Tier Logic is working with a core of customers today to convert traditional designs to its all-CMOS TierASIC devices. Within the second quarter of this year, Tier Logic will convert some existing designs to the TierFPGA device using TFT SRAM as configuration – and some of those designs may later convert to TierASIC if volume warrants. (Typical NREs for the ASIC conversion step will be less than $50,000.) By year’s end, as designers become familiar with the Mobius design suite that Tier Logic provided to first customers in early 2010, the company will accept verified designs as first-pass TierFPGAs, converting to the metal-characterized TierASIC when and if those customers desire.

Hollingworth got to play the ASIC-conversion game when he headed up the HardCopy effort at Altera. He said he was a little concerned about the number of FPGA startups being launched just as a major recession began, but examined the Tier Logic business plan and decided it had the best chance of actually carving a slice of market share from existing FPGA market leaders.

When Tier Logic can capture a customer’s attention, Hollingworth feels confident the smaller size and lower power dissipation of a TierFPGA can win customers from the Big Two. The Mobius suite, which uses standard capture and simulation tools, the Mentor Precision Synthesis package, and unique P&R and timing analysis tools from Tier Logic, offers a common flow for FPGAs and ASICs. The problem, as always, is gaining the customer’s mindshare as a startup. But Tier Logic figures its hurdles at breaking into the FPGA mainstream are less daunting than many FPGA startups, and the company may be right about that.

© Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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출처: http://www.edn.com/fpgagurus/blog/890000689/post/1850053185.html

2010년 3월 9일 화요일

Embedded FPGAs

December 29, 2008

Check here for the lastest How-To technical articles on Embedded FPGAs, PLDs and other configurable devices as compiled by our Embedded.com sister site.

By Bernard Cole

For your convenience, collected here the most recent How-To and Technical Insight articles on Embedded.com on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), and other  reconfigurable devices and systems. We are constantly updating this list, so check back occasionally to see what's new:

2008

2007

2006

2005

For more information on designing with field programmable gate arrays, field programmable logic and other reconfigurable devices, go to the Programmable Logic DesignLine Web Site.

We will regularly be reporting on all aspects of this important trend on Embedded.com in the form of news, features, product stories, columns, commentary, in-depth technical and how-to articles.

We welcome your participation and would like to hear from you. If you are a developer, let us know what problems you are facing and the solutions you are considering. If you are a hardware or software vendor, we want to know what you have got in terms of building blocks and tools, how they work and how to use them.

We also want to know what kind of information you need and what kind of stories you need to read as well as the kind of stories and contributions you can write for the site.

Call me at 602-288-7257 or email me at bccole@acm.org

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출처: http://www.pldesignline.com/200001906

2010년 3월 8일 월요일

Tabula FPGAs: this one could be game-changing

Monday, March 1, 2010

Tabula, a heavily-funded FPGA start-up led by a who's-who of FPGA- and EDA-industry insiders, this morning unveiled a new FPGA architecture that challenges fundamental assumptions about RAM-configured logic devices. Tabula claims it will deliver FPGAs that in the same device can offer 1.6 GHz clock rates on critical paths, logic and memory capacity comparable to the largest new devices from Altera and Xilinx, rich SerDes, DSP, and memory resources, and yet a die size small enough to sell at a fraction of Stratix IV or Virtex 6 prices. And, despite the startling claims, the devices will use a familiar tool chain and will look to the user like traditional FPGAs.

Such claims clearly require and explanation. Tabula is not claiming a revolution in process technology—the design employs fairly normal 40nm CMOS—or in logic architecture—to the user the Tabula devices will appear as an entirely familiar array of look-up tables (LUTs), latches, and configurable interconnect. Rather, Tabula's main innovation is to exploit brilliantly a growing imbalance in conventional FPGA implementation.

That imbalance is the disparity between the die area required by interconnect and that required by the logic elements and switches. By the 40nm generation, FPGA logic fabric has become a dense network of interconnect wires covering a very sparse array of LUTs, latches, multiplexers, and buffers. There is space on the silicon for more logic cells, but there is no room to get interconnect to them. You could make the LUTs, which are essentially 1x8 or 1x16 SRAMs, much larger, but studies have shown that his would not improve logic density for real designs. So while the lower routing and via layers are crowded, the space on the surface of the silicon is increasingly underutilized.

Tabula isn't interested in giving a detailed description of what they've done—they much prefer conceptual metaphors—but here's the idea. Instead of putting a single set of interconnect muxes, a LUT, and a latch in each logic cell, Tabula puts in eight of everything. Then they time-domain multiplex those eight sets of hardware on a 1.6 GHz master clock, so that the physical logic cell has a whole new personality—new interconnect routing, new LUT, and new latch configuration—every 600ps. Over the course of 5ns, the physical logic cell is, in effect, eight different logic cells.

Now the rest of the secret sauce. Tabula embeds transparent latches in the interconnect where it passes through the physical cell, and controls these latches with the time-multiplexing circuitry as well. So on each clock cycle, Tabula captures the state of the interconnect and logic cell in the latches. This allows the chip to pass the output of the LUT, for instance, to the input of the same or a nearby physical LUT on the next clock cycle. All the state that goes in flight during an eight-cycle sequence is available to drive cells on subsequent cycles. It is almost as if the FPGA had eight times as many logic cells as it actually does.

Tabula illustrates this concept as a three-dimensional chip of eight layers. Each logic cell connects to nearby cells around it on one layer, and to nearby cells above it on the next layer, in an expanding cone. In practice, users can visualize their design spread across the three dimensions, or mapped onto a single flat FPGA. However you choose to visualize it, you submit a netlist with timing constraints, and the tools map your nets across physical logic cells and interconnect, and across clock phases, to meet your constraints. Critical nets get mapped vertically, where they can often stay within one physical cell with essentially zero flight time. Nets with more slack get spread more widely across the die.

The architecture has several important implications. first, it packs about three times more logic into a given area than a conventional FPGA. Second, Tabula can emulate eight-port embedded RAM blocks by time-multiplexing the inputs and outputs of a single-port physical RAM, so the company can implement memory that is physically faster, denser, and lower in both static and dynamic power than the true eight-port blocks on a conventional high-end FPGA.

So yes, the claims on speed, density, and cost are plausible. Power is a more complex question. The devices implement a fine-grained clock-gating algorithm based on user signal activity, according to Tabula president and CTO Steve Teig. And the greater density means that the average interconnect length 80 percent shorter than on a conventional FPGA at the same geometry. Both of these factors sharply reduce dynamic power. But at the same time, there is the circuitry that manages the time-domain multiplexing activity, spread across the die in stripes and running at that 1.6 GHz clock frequency. "The net power compared to a conventional FPGA is design-dependent," Teig says. "The architectural overhead may or may not swamp out the savings."

So there is the story: speed, density, low cost. Tabula is aiming initially at the network switch sockets that make up the sweet spot of the high-end FPGA market. Presumably, the company will offer the configurations, on-chip peripherals, and IP those applications require. Specific product announcements should be coming soon, Teig says.

© Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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출처: http://www.edn.com/blog/1690000169/post/1770052977.html?nid=2435&rid=8803234

2010년 3월 4일 목요일

삼성전자, 자일링스 28나노 제품도 생산

기사입력 2010-02-23
삼성전자가 파운드리 사업 가속화에 나섰다.

삼성전자(대표 최지성)는 세계 최대 프로그래머블 반도체(FPGA)업체인 미국 자일링스와 28나노 공정 파운드리(반도체 수탁생산) 계약을 맺었다고 23일 밝혔다. 자일링스와의 이번 계약은 지난해 45나노에 이은 두 번째다.

현재 세계 파운드리 전문 반도체 기업에서 28nm 공정을 개발중인 기업은 TSMC, 글로벌 파운드리 2개사에 불과하며 올해 3분기부터 양산에 들어갈 것으로 알려졌다.

삼성전자는 자일링스의 고성능 FPGA 반도체를 28나노 HKMG(High-K Metal Gate) 공정으로 생산할 예정이다. HKMG 공정은 유전상수가 높은 신물질을 사용해 누설전류를 줄이고 동작속도를 향상시킬 수 있는 차세대 파운드리 기술이다. 28나노 HKMG 공정으로 제품을 제조하면 기존 45나노 공정 대비 소비전력을 50%까지 줄일 수 있고, 28나노 미세공정을 이용해 칩 집적도를 두 배 이상으로 향상시킬 수 있다고 삼성전자는 설명했다.

민정기 삼성전자 반도체사업부 상무는 "28나노 HKMG은 32나노 공정에 이은 두번째 HKMG 공정으로, 삼성전자는 현재 시스템LSI 전용 300㎜ 팹인 S라인에서 이 공정을 개발하고 있다"고 밝혔다. 삼성전자는 45나노 공정으로 자일링스의 '스파르탄(Spartan)-6 패밀리' 제품을 현재 양산 중이며 28나노 HKMG 공정 제품은 내년부터 생산을 시작할 예정이다. 삼성전자는 28나노 이후 차세대 공정도 개발 중이어서 조만간 경쟁사들을 앞지르겠다는 목표다.

삼성전자는 파운드리를 차세대 성장동력으로 육성하기 위해 올해 초 조직개편을 통해 파운드리 센터를 파운드리 사업팀으로 격상시킨 바 있다. 삼성전자는 조직 개편을 통해 개발부터 영업까지 하나의 조직에서 총괄, 시너지를 냄으로써 매년 2자리 수 이상의 성장율을 기록하겠다는 목표다. 시장조사기관인 IC인사이츠에 따르면 삼성전자는 지난해 파운드리 사업 매출이 전년대비 12% 줄어든 3억2500만달러로 파운드리 업계 9위에 올랐다.

윤건일기자 benyun@etnews.co.kr

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출처: http://www.etnews.co.kr/news/detail.html?id=201002230022

2010년 3월 3일 수요일

알테라, 세 가지 신기술 결합한 28nm FPGA 연내 출시

알테라가 28nm 공정기술로 제작한 FPGA를 올해 안에 선보일 계획이다. 새로운 FPGA 제품군은 맞춤화가 가능한 하드웨어 IP인 '임베디드 하드카피 블록'과 부분적으로 재구성이 가능한 FPGA 영역, 그리고 28Gbps 성능의 트랜시버들로 구성된다. 이로써 소비전력과 비용 절감에 대한 요구 사항과 더 높은 시스템 대역폭 요건을 모두 충족한다는 게 알테라의 구상이다. NE-Korea

글_한덕선 기자(dshan@nekorea.co.kr)

모바일 인터넷과 FTTH, LTE/와이맥스 등의 가입자 수가 꾸준히 증가하고 HD 비디오 등 대용량 멀티미디어 데이터 전송이 점점 더 늘어나면서 대역폭 증대의 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 문제는 이를 이전과 비슷한 수준의 비용 및 전력 요건에서 처리해야 한다는 점이다.

지금까지는 무어의 법칙이 어느 정도는 통용되어 공정 노드를 축소함으로써 이러한 요구 사항을 해결할 수 있었다. 하지만 앞으로는 무어의 법칙 하나만으로는 이 문제를 해결할 수 없을 것으로 보인다. 누설 전류 문제를 외면할 수 없을 뿐만 아니라 아날로그 블록은 공정 축소로 쉽게 해결되지 않기 때문이다.

임베디드 하드카피 블록
알테라는 28nm 노드의 앞선 공정기술과 세 가지 혁신 기술을 함께 결합하여 이러한 요구에 대응하고자 한다. 혁신 기술에는 임베디드 하드카피(HardCopy) 블록, 부분 재구성 기술, 28Gbps의 트랜시버가 포함된다.

임베디드 하드카피 블록은 알테라 고유의 하드카피 ASIC 기술을 활용하는 맞춤형 하드 IP 블록을 말한다. 예컨대 특정 애플리케이션에 특화된 기능이나 독자적인 맞춤형 IP를 사용자가 일일이 프로그래밍하지 않아도 되게끔 한 것인데, 이를 통해 사용자는 타임투마켓을 앞당기고 개발 비용과 소비전력을 줄일 수 있으며, 알테라로서는 특정 시장 영역에 대응하는 다양한 제품들을 보다 신속하게 공급할 수 있다는 이점을 갖게 된다.

28Gbps 트랜시버 탑재
내장되는 트랜시버의 성능도 28Gbps로 향상되어 I/O 대역폭을 크게 늘리게 된다. 28Gbps 성능은 이전 세대 제품인 알테라의 40nm 스트라틱스 GT FPGA의 11.3Gbps 트랜시버보다 2배 이상 향상된 것이다. 트랜시버 성능이 높아지면 외부 부품 수와 I/O 핀 수를 줄일 수 있을 뿐 아니라 소비전력과 비용도 절감할 수 있다.

알테라의 제품 및 기업 마케팅을 담당하는 빈스 후(Vince Hu) 부사장은 "일례로 과거에 10Gbps 트랜시버 80개를 사용해야 했던 시스템 설계를 향후에는 25Gbps 성능의 트랜시버 32개를 사용해서 구현할 수 있다"며, "이 경우, I/O 핀 수가 80개에서 32개로 줄어듦으로써 보드 면적과 인터커넥션 등도 줄어들게 되며, 그 결과 제작 비용은 25~32%, 소비전력은 60%가 각각 저감된다"고 밝혔다.

'부분 재구성' 기능 지원
정상적으로 동작하는 FPGA의 구동에 아무런 방해도 주지 않고 해당 FPGA에 새로운 기능을 포팅하거나 시스템 업그레이드를 할 수 있는 기능도 추가된다. 이른바 '부분 재구성(Partial Reconfiguration)'이라는 기능이다. 알테라의 28nm FPGA는 크게 세 가지 기능 블록으로 구성되는데, 맞춤형 하드 IP인 임베디드 하드카피 블록과 고속 트랜시버, 그리고 재구성이 가능한 FPGA 영역이 그것이다. 이 가운데 재구성이 가능한 FPGA 영역은 디바이스가 동작하는 중에도 부분적으로 재구성이 가능하다. 알테라의 쿼터스(Quartus) II 디자인 소프트웨어 내에 포함되어 있는 점증적 컴파일(Incremental Compile) 디자인 플로우를 이용하면 부분 재구성 작업을 매우 간단하게 처리할 수 있다. 부분 재구성 기능은 소비전력과 비용을 절감할 뿐 아니라 작동하지 않는 기능들을 FPGA 내에 넣을 필요가 없게 만들어 로직의 실효 밀도를 높이는 효과도 제공한다.

빈스 후 부사장은 "최첨단 28nm 공정기술과 세 가지 혁신 기술들은 알테라 FPGA들의 밀도와 I/O 성능을 극적으로 개선시키고 ASIC 및 ASSP에 대한 경쟁력 우위를 더욱 강화시킬 것"이라며, "알테라는 이러한 혁신 제품들을 올해 안에 선보일 것"이라고 밝혔다.

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출처: http://www.nekorea.co.kr/article_view.asp?seno=6094

[2/23, ARM] 고성능 디지털 신호 제어용 동급 최고 Cortex-M4 프로세서 출시

고성능 신호 처리와 업계 최고 MCU 기술의 강력한 결합으로 급속하게 성장하는 하이브리드 DSC 시장 공략

ARM (한국대표: 김영섭)은 오늘 첨단 MCU(마이크로컨트롤러) 애플리케이션을 위한 혁신적인 Cortex(코어텍스)™-M4 프로세서를 출시한다고 발표했다. Cortex-M4 프로세서는 업계 최고인 ARM® Cortex-M 프로세서 제품군의 장점을 유지하면서 동시에 디지털 신호 제어(DSC: Digital Signal Control) 애플리케이션에 고효율의 솔루션을 제공한다.

특히 새롭게 부상하고 있는 모터 제어, 자동차, 전력 관리, 임베디드 오디오 및 산업 자동화 시장용 플렉서블 솔루션(flexible solution)의 요구사항을 충족하기 위해 고효율 신호 처리 기능과 Cortex-M 프로세서 제품군의 특징인 초저전력, 저비용, 사용 편리성 등이 완벽하게 결합되었다.

Cortex-M4 프로세서는 단일 사이클 MAC(Multiply-Accumulate) 장치, 최적화된 SIMD(Single Instruction Multiple Data)장치, 포화 산술연산 명령어(Saturating arithmetic instructions) 그리고 옵션으로 단일정밀도(single precision) 부동소수점처리장치(FPU: Floating-Point Unit)를 내장하고 있다. 이러한 디지털 신호 제어 기능은 ARM Cortex-M 프로세서 제품군의 특징인 혁신적인 프로세서 기술의 바탕 위에 구축되었다. 주요 기능으로는 1.25DMIPS/MHz 를 지원하는 고성능 32-비트 코어, 최적의 코드 밀도를 실현하는 Thumb(썸)®-2 명령어, 뛰어난 인터럽트 처리를 위한 NVIC(Nested Vector Interrupt Controller) 등이 있다. 이외에도 프로세서 동작의 유연성 증대를 위해, MPU(Memory Protection Unit), 저비용 디버그/트레이스 및 통합 수면 상태(integrated sleep states) 등과 같은 기능도 포함되어 있다. 임베디드 개발자들은 최대 성능과 극도로 낮은 전력 풋프린트를 가진 강력한 최종 제품을 신속하게 개발 및 제공할 수 있게 될 것이다.

디지털 신호 처리(DSP) 기술 기반의 시장을 분석하는 최고의 시장조사기관인 포워드 컨셉(Forward Concepts) 회장인 윌 스트라우스(Will Strauss)는 “임베디드 시장에서 신호 처리에 대한 요구가 전용 프로세서에서 하이브리드 마이크로컨트롤러로 바뀌고 있다. 이러한 제품들은 최고 수준의 디지털 신호 제어 기능을 구현하면서 다른 처리 연산을 효율적으로 수행할 수 있는 유연성도 동시에 제공한다”면서 “최적의 디지털 신호 제어 처리에 필요한 모든 기능과 Cortex-M 제품군 프로세서의 검증된 저전력 성능이 결합된 Cortex-M4프로세서 출시로 ARM의 파트너사들은 이러한 변화 추세를 십분 활용하게 될 것”이라고 말했다. 

Cortex-M4 프로세서는 물리적 구현을 위한 가장 폭넓은 파운드리 및 기술 지원을 제공하는 ARM 피지컬 IP 포트폴리오의 지원을 받는다. 여기에는 초 저전력 구현을 목표로 하는 파트너를 위한 TSMC CE018FG(180ULL) 공정용 Cortex-M Low Power Optimization Package (저전력 최적화 패키지)도 포함된다.

고성능 MCU 급 장치를 목표로 하는 파트너들을 위해서는 ARM은 주요 파운드리 공정에 관한 피지컬 IP 솔루션도 제공한다. 차세대 MCU 장치에서 150MHz를 목표 주파수로 하는 경우에는 65nm 글로벌파운드리(GLOBALFOUNDRIES) 65LPe 공정용 ARM 피지컬 IP를 이용하면, 65K 이내의 게이트와 40µW/MHz 이하의 동적 전력 소모를 보이는 Cortex-M4 프로세서 표준 구현이 가능하다. FPU를 포함할 경우는 25K 개의 게이트만 추가하면 되며, 이를 통해 업계 최고의 면적 풋프린트 이내에서 가장 강력한 구현이 가능하다.

SIMD와 FPU용으로 확장된 업계 표준의 ARM 컴파일러를 포함한 Keil(카일)™ MDK-ARM (마이크로컨트롤러 개발 키트)를 통해 Cortex-M4 프로세서용 개발 툴 지원이 제공된다. MDK-ARM은 µVision®4와 완벽한 Cortex-M4 프로세서 명령 시뮬레이션과 함께 첨단 트레이스 기능을 통한 타겟 디버깅도 포함하고 있다.

또한, ARM 아키텍처를 기반으로 하는 제품과 관련하여 설계에서 제작까지 완전한 솔루션을 제공하기 위해 제휴한 기업들로 구성된 업계 최대 규모의 에코시스템인 ARM Connected Community(커넥티드 커뮤니티)™회원사의 개발 툴, 디버거, RTOS 등도 Cortex-M4 프로세서를 지원한다. (세부사항은 아래 참조).


CMSIS (Cortex Microcontroller Software Interface Standard)

Cortex-M4 프로세서는 Cortex-M 프로세서 시리즈를 위한 벤더에 비종속적인 하드웨어 추상 레이어(vendor-independent hardware abstraction layer)인 CMSIS(Cortex Microcontroller Software Interface Standard)에 의해 완벽히 지원된다. CMSIS는 주변장치와 실시간 운영 시스템(RTOS)용 프로세서에 일관되고 단순한 소프트웨어 인터페이스를 구현해준다.

ARM은 현재 CMSIS를 확대하여 Cortex-M4 프로세서 확장 명령어에 대한 C 컴파일러(Compiler)지원과 MCU사용자들을 위해 신호 처리 프로그램을 쉽게 만들어주는 최적화된 라이브러리를 포함하려고 한다. 이 라이브러리에는 디지털 필터 알고리즘과 수학, 삼각법, 제어 함수 등과 같은 일반 함수가 포함될 것이다. 디지털 필터 알고리즘은 필터 설계 유틸리티와 MatLab(매트랩) 및 LabVIEW(랩뷰) 와 같은 설계 툴 키트와 함께 사용하도록 되어 있다.

이외에도, ARM은 Cortex-M4 하드웨어 및 소프트웨어에 관한 일련의 교육 코스를 개발했다. 이 교육 코스는 프로세서 출시와 함께 제공되어 라이선스 업체들이 Cortex-M4프로세서를 자신의 설계에 효율적으로 통합하고 최소한의 위험과 가장 빠른 시장 출시시간으로 최대 시스템 성능을 구현할 수 있도록 지원 할 것이다.

NXP, ST마이크일렉트로닉스(STMicroelectronics), 텍사스 인스트루먼츠(Texas Instruments) 등을 포함해 5개 주요 MCU 반도체 회사들이 Cortex-M4프로세서의 라이선스를 취득했다.

NXP 반도체의 마이크로컨트롤러 제품 라인(Microcontroller Product Line) 본부장인 조프 리스(Geoff Lees)는 “본사의 ARM Cortex 포트폴리오에 ARM Cortex-M4프로세서가 추가됨으로써 본사의 Cortex-M3 와 Cortex-M0 프로세서 기반 장치를 보완하게 되었으며, MCU 커뮤니티에 엔드-투-엔드 솔루션을 제공할 수 있게 되었다”고 말하면서 “Cortex-M4 프로세서는 이제 새로운 수준의 마이크로컨트롤러를 구현하여 신호 처리 시장의 고성능, 저전력 요구를 충족한다”고 덧붙였다.

ST의 마이크로컨트롤러 사업부문의 32-비트 마케팅 매니저인 세미르 하다드(Semir Haddad)는 “Cortex-M4 프로세서 도입으로 집약적인 수학 연산을 요구하는 애플리케이션까지 Cortex-M코어 사용을 확대 할 수 있게 되었다”면서 “Cortex-M4 프로세서 기반의 제품 라인이 본사 STM32마이크로컨트롤러 라인을 보완하여 본사 고객들은 STM32 확장성과 고급 신호 처리 기능을 결합할 수 있게 되었다”고 말했다.

텍사스 인스트루먼츠의 전세계 스텔라리스(Stellaris®) MCU 마케팅 총괄인 쟝 앤 부스(Jean Anne Booth)는 “Cortex-M4 프로세서는 PID 루프를 생성하며 상위 레벨의 모션 컨트롤을 향상시키고 더욱 신뢰할 수 있게 해줄 뿐 아니라 개발자들이 효율적인 모터 제어로 매우 높은 에너지 절감을 실현할 수 있게 한다”며, “또한 랩뷰나 매트랩/시뮬링크와 같은 메타 랭귀지 툴을 사용하는 비-프로그래머(non-programmer) 들도 ARM MCU 사용에 제한이 없게 되었다. 추가로, 내추럴/네이티브 C와 C++ 애플리케이션도 사용가능하여, 워크스테이션/전화/일반 임베디드 프로세서와 딥 임베디드 시스템에서 동일한 알고리듬을 사용함으로써 개발 시간과 위험을 줄일 수 있다”고 덧붙였다.

ARM의 프로세서 사업 부문 마케팅 부사장인 에릭 숀(Eric Schorn)은 “ARM이 본사 프로세서 제품에 DSP 기능을 포함시키기 시작한지 어느 정도 시간이 지났으며, 애플리케이션 시장에서 굉장한 성공을 거두어 왔다. 그러나 딥 임베디드 장치용으로 디지털 신호 제어 기능을 갖춘 프로세서를 설계 한 것은 이번이 처음”이라면서 “Cortex-M4 프로세서는 모터 컨트롤, 의료 기기, 자동차에서 산업 자동화, 전력 관리, 오디오 애플리케이션에 이르기까지 점점 늘어나는 임베디드 애플리케이션의 늘어나는 신호 처리 요구를 충족하기 위해 설계되었다”고 밝혔다.

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출처: http://www.semiconnet.co.kr/news_read.asp?seno=6828